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SmallThinker: A Family of Efficient Large Language Models Natively Trained for Local Deployment

Paper: SmallThinker: A Family of Efficient Large Language Models Natively Trained for Local Deployment Code: https://github.com/SJTU-IPADS/SmallThinker Project Page: https://powerinfer.ai/

Abstract

While frontier large language models (LLMs) continue to push capability boundaries, their deployment remains confined to GPU-powered cloud infrastructure. We challenge this paradigm with SmallThinker, a family of LLMs natively designed - not adapted - for the unique constraints of local devices: weak computational power, limited memory, and slow storage. Unlike traditional approaches that mainly compress existing models built for clouds, we architect SmallThinker from the ground up to thrive within these limitations. Our innovation lies in a deployment-aware architecture that transforms constraints into design principles. First, We introduce a two-level sparse structure combining fine-grained Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) with sparse feed-forward networks, drastically reducing computational demands without sacrificing model capacity. Second, to conquer the I/O bottleneck of slow storage, we design a pre-attention router that enables our co-designed inference engine to prefetch expert parameters from storage while computing attention, effectively hiding storage latency that would otherwise cripple on-device inference. Third, for memory efficiency, we utilize NoPE-RoPE hybrid sparse attention mechanism to slash KV cache requirements. We release SmallThinker-4B-A0.6B and SmallThinker-21B-A3B, which achieve state-of-the-art performance scores and even outperform larger LLMs. Remarkably, our co-designed system mostly eliminates the need for expensive GPU hardware: with Q4_0 quantization, both models exceed 20 tokens/s on ordinary consumer CPUs, while consuming only 1GB and 8GB of memory respectively. SmallThinker is publicly available at this http URL and this http URL .

Introduction

🤗 Hugging Face | 🤖 ModelScope | 📑 Technical Report

SmallThinker is a family of on-device native Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language models specially designed for local deployment, co-developed by the IPADS and School of AI at Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Zenergize AI. Designed from the ground up for resource-constrained environments, SmallThinker brings powerful, private, and low-latency AI directly to your personal devices, without relying on the cloud.

Performance

Note: The model is trained mainly on English.

Model	MMLU	GPQA-diamond	GSM8K	MATH-500	IFEVAL	LIVEBENCH	HUMANEVAL	Average
SmallThinker-4BA0.6B-Instruct	66.11	31.31	80.02	60.60	69.69	42.20	82.32	61.75
Qwen3-0.6B	43.31	26.77	62.85	45.6	58.41	23.1	31.71	41.67
Qwen3-1.7B	64.19	27.78	81.88	63.6	69.50	35.60	61.59	57.73
Gemma3nE2b-it	63.04	20.2	82.34	58.6	73.2	27.90	64.63	55.70
Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct	64.15	24.24	75.51	40	71.16	15.30	55.49	49.41
Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct	45.66	22.73	1.67	14.4	48.06	13.50	37.20	26.17

For the MMLU evaluation, we use a 0-shot CoT setting.

All models are evaluated in non-thinking mode.

Speed

| Model | Memory(GiB) | i9 14900 | 1+13 8gen4 | rk3588 (16G) | rk3576 | Raspberry PI 5 | RDK X5 | rk3566 | |---|---|---|---|--

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数据集版权信息

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