modelcontextprotocol--python-sdk/docs/handlers/subscriptions.md

Subscriptions

A server's catalog is not fixed. Tools appear at runtime, and the content behind a resource URI changes.

Subscriptions are how a client hears about it. The client sends one subscriptions/listen request, and the response to that request is the stream: it stays open and carries the change notifications the client asked for.

Publish it from the tool

Your side of it is one line: publish the change.

--8<-- "docs_src/subscriptions/tutorial001.py"

• await ctx.notify_resource_updated("board://sprint") reaches every open stream that subscribed to that URI. Nobody else.
• await ctx.notify_tools_changed() reaches every stream that asked for tool-list changes. A client that receives it calls tools/list again, and now sees sprint_report.
• The siblings are notify_prompts_changed() and notify_resources_changed().
• No subscribers, no work. Publishing to an idle server is a no-op, so you never check whether anyone is listening. You state what changed.

MCPServer serves subscriptions/listen for you. The wire obligations (the acknowledgment as the first frame, per-stream filtering, the subscription id on every frame) are the SDK's job.

!!! check On the wire, a stream whose filter named board://sprint looks like this after complete_task runs:

```json
{"method": "notifications/subscriptions/acknowledged",
 "params": {"notifications": {"resourceSubscriptions": ["board://sprint"]}, "_meta": {"io.modelcontextprotocol/subscriptionId": "listen-1"}}}

{"method": "notifications/resources/updated",
 "params": {"uri": "board://sprint", "_meta": {"io.modelcontextprotocol/subscriptionId": "listen-1"}}}
```

Note what the update does *not* carry: the board. Every frame carries the listen request's JSON-RPC id under `_meta`, and that id is the subscription id. The client mints it: the Python `Client` uses strings like `"listen-1"`; other clients may use integers.

Only what was asked for

The filter is a contract. A stream that requested tool-list changes and one resource URI receives those two kinds and nothing else. Publish a prompt change and that stream stays silent.

MCPServer matches resource URIs as exact strings, so a stream that named board://sprint hears nothing about board://sprint/tasks/1. The spec lets a server report a change on a sub-resource of a subscribed URI; MCPServer never does, but clients are built to expect it.

Two things the stream is not:

• It is not a replay log. A dropped stream is gone, and events published while nobody was connected are not queued. Clients re-listen and refetch.
• It is not the 2025 path. Clients that called resources/subscribe are served by ctx.session.send_resource_updated(uri). The notify_* methods reach subscriptions/listen streams only.

Deciding who may watch

By default every requested kind and URI is honored: any caller may watch any URI you publish. On a multi-tenant server, gate that with an authorization hook. It runs once per subscriptions/listen, before the acknowledgment, with the request context and the filter the client asked for, and either returns (accept the request as asked) or raises MCPError (refuse it):

from mcp.server.auth.middleware.auth_context import get_access_token
from mcp.server.context import ServerRequestContext
from mcp.server.mcpserver import MCPServer
from mcp.shared.exceptions import MCPError
from mcp_types import INVALID_REQUEST, SubscriptionFilter


async def only_own_resources(ctx: ServerRequestContext, requested: SubscriptionFilter) -> None:
    token = get_access_token()
    prefix = f"user://{token.subject}/" if token and token.subject else ""
    if any(not (prefix and uri.startswith(prefix)) for uri in requested.resource_subscriptions or []):
        raise MCPError(INVALID_REQUEST, "not permitted to watch the requested resources")


mcp = MCPServer("Sprint Board", authorize_subscriptions=only_own_resources)

• The hook decides on the whole request: accept it as asked, or refuse it. It does not narrow the filter - the acknowledgment reflects what the server supports, not an authorization verdict.
• A refused request gets the error and no stream. Keep the error uniform (name no URI) so refusals do not reveal which URIs are protected. Any other exception refuses too: a broken policy never grants.
• The verdict holds for the stream's lifetime. There is no per-event re-check, so if a caller's access can lapse mid-stream (an expiring token), end that caller's connection when it does. ListenHandler.close() is not the tool for that: it ends every open stream at once, which you want at shutdown, not for one caller.

On the low-level Server the same hook is ListenHandler(bus, authorize=only_own_resources).

Without a hook the exposure is narrow but real, so weigh it before publishing per-user URIs from a multi-tenant server: a subscriber learns that a URI it can guess changed, and when. It never learns content, and it cannot probe what exists, because an unknown URI is honored too and simply never fires.

The client end

Here is a client on the other side of that stream, following the board:

--8<-- "docs_src/subscriptions/tutorial003.py"

Entering client.listen(...) sends the request and waits for your acknowledgment, so the stream is live when the block starts, and each typed event is a cue to refetch, never a payload. That is the whole contract in one screen. Everything else about the client end lives on its own page: watching beside a main flow, stream endings, and re-listening. See Subscriptions under Clients.

Scaling past one process

Publishes travel from your handler to the open streams over a SubscriptionBus. The default is in-memory: one process, every stream in it. That is the right answer until you run replicas behind a load balancer, because then a client's stream is pinned to one replica, and a publish on another replica has to reach it.

That seam is yours to implement: two methods over your pub/sub backend.

from collections.abc import Callable

from redis.asyncio import Redis

from mcp.server.mcpserver import MCPServer
from mcp.server.subscriptions import ServerEvent  # SubscriptionBus is a Protocol: no base class


class RedisSubscriptionBus:
    def __init__(self, redis: Redis) -> None:
        self._redis = redis
        self._listeners: dict[object, Callable[[ServerEvent], None]] = {}

    async def publish(self, event: ServerEvent) -> None:
        await self._redis.publish("mcp-events", encode(event))  # to every replica

    def subscribe(self, listener: Callable[[ServerEvent], None]) -> Callable[[], None]:
        token = object()
        self._listeners[token] = listener

        def unsubscribe() -> None:
            self._listeners.pop(token, None)

        return unsubscribe


mcp = MCPServer("Sprint Board", subscriptions=RedisSubscriptionBus(redis))

encode is yours, and so is the reader task on each replica that decodes arriving messages and calls every registered listener. Listeners are synchronous, must not raise, and run on the server's event loop.

The bus carries typed ServerEvent values, four small dataclasses, never JSON-RPC. Stamping, filtering, and stream lifecycles stay in the SDK, so a bus implementation cannot break the protocol. It can only move events between processes.

To publish from outside a request, construct the bus yourself so you hold the reference. MCPServer builds one internally when you pass nothing, and does not expose it.

from mcp.server.subscriptions import InMemorySubscriptionBus, ToolsListChanged

bus = InMemorySubscriptionBus()
mcp = MCPServer("Sprint Board", subscriptions=bus)


async def tools_reloaded() -> None:
    await bus.publish(ToolsListChanged())  # from a lifespan task, a webhook, anywhere

The low-level composition

Down on the low-level Server there is no pre-wired anything, and the same parts assemble in three lines:

--8<-- "docs_src/subscriptions/tutorial002.py"

• You own the bus, so you publish to it directly: await bus.publish(ResourceUpdated(uri=...)). Put it wherever your handlers can reach it: module scope here, the lifespan in a bigger app.
• ListenHandler(bus) is the same handler MCPServer registers, and on_subscriptions_listen= is an ordinary handler slot. Put your own callable in that slot for different semantics, and the spec obligations move to you: acknowledge first, stamp every frame with the subscription id, deliver nothing outside the filter.
• ListenHandler.close() ends every open stream gracefully. Each one receives the listen request's result as its final frame, which is the spec's way of saying the server ended the subscription deliberately. It returns before those streams finish flushing, so give them a moment before you tear the transport down. Without it, streams end when the client disconnects.

Recap

• A client opts in with one subscriptions/listen request, and the response is the stream. Serving it is built in.
• You publish with ctx.notify_*, and the SDK does the stamping, filtering, and lifecycle work.
• Events are cues, not payloads. Both ends refetch.
• The client end is async with client.listen(...): Subscriptions under Clients is that story.
• On the low-level Server you assemble the same parts yourself: a bus, ListenHandler(bus), the on_subscriptions_listen slot.
• Scaling out means implementing SubscriptionBus, two methods, and passing it as MCPServer(subscriptions=...).

Running the server that serves all this, behind one replica or twenty, is Deploy & scale.