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<h1 id="authorization">Authorization</h1>
|
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<p>This page covers OAuth 2.1 authentication for both MCP servers and clients.</p>
|
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<h2 id="server-side-authentication">Server-Side Authentication</h2>
|
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<p>Authentication can be used by servers that want to expose tools accessing protected resources.</p>
|
|
<p><code>mcp.server.auth</code> implements OAuth 2.1 resource server functionality, where MCP servers act as Resource Servers (RS) that validate tokens issued by separate Authorization Servers (AS). This follows the <a href="https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-11-25/basic/authorization">MCP authorization specification</a> and implements RFC 9728 (Protected Resource Metadata) for AS discovery.</p>
|
|
<p>MCP servers can use authentication by providing an implementation of the <code>TokenVerifier</code> protocol:</p>
|
|
<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/oauth_server.py -->
|
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="sd">"""</span>
|
|
<span class="sd">Run from the repository root:</span>
|
|
<span class="sd"> uv run examples/snippets/servers/oauth_server.py</span>
|
|
<span class="sd">"""</span>
|
|
|
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<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">pydantic</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">AnyHttpUrl</span>
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<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">mcp.server.auth.provider</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">AccessToken</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TokenVerifier</span>
|
|
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">mcp.server.auth.settings</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">AuthSettings</span>
|
|
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">mcp.server.fastmcp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">FastMCP</span>
|
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<span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">SimpleTokenVerifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokenVerifier</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Simple token verifier for demonstration."""</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">verify_token</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">token</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">AccessToken</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
|
<span class="k">pass</span> <span class="c1"># This is where you would implement actual token validation</span>
|
|
|
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|
|
<span class="c1"># Create FastMCP instance as a Resource Server</span>
|
|
<span class="n">mcp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FastMCP</span><span class="p">(</span>
|
|
<span class="s2">"Weather Service"</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
<span class="n">json_response</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
<span class="c1"># Token verifier for authentication</span>
|
|
<span class="n">token_verifier</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SimpleTokenVerifier</span><span class="p">(),</span>
|
|
<span class="c1"># Auth settings for RFC 9728 Protected Resource Metadata</span>
|
|
<span class="n">auth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">AuthSettings</span><span class="p">(</span>
|
|
<span class="n">issuer_url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">AnyHttpUrl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"https://auth.example.com"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="c1"># Authorization Server URL</span>
|
|
<span class="n">resource_server_url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">AnyHttpUrl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"http://localhost:3001"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="c1"># This server's URL</span>
|
|
<span class="n">required_scopes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"user"</span><span class="p">],</span>
|
|
<span class="p">),</span>
|
|
<span class="p">)</span>
|
|
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|
|
<span class="nd">@mcp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tool</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
|
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">get_weather</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">city</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"London"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]:</span>
|
|
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Get weather data for a city"""</span>
|
|
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span>
|
|
<span class="s2">"city"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
<span class="s2">"temperature"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"22"</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
<span class="s2">"condition"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"Partly cloudy"</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
<span class="s2">"humidity"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"65%"</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
<span class="p">}</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"__main__"</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
|
<span class="n">mcp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">transport</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"streamable-http"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
|
<p><em>Full example: <a href="https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/v1.x/examples/snippets/servers/oauth_server.py">examples/snippets/servers/oauth_server.py</a></em></p>
|
|
<!-- /snippet-source -->
|
|
|
|
<p>For a complete example with separate Authorization Server and Resource Server implementations, see <a href="https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/tree/v1.x/examples/servers/simple-auth"><code>examples/servers/simple-auth/</code></a>.</p>
|
|
<p><strong>Architecture:</strong></p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><strong>Authorization Server (AS)</strong>: Handles OAuth flows, user authentication, and token issuance</li>
|
|
<li><strong>Resource Server (RS)</strong>: Your MCP server that validates tokens and serves protected resources</li>
|
|
<li><strong>Client</strong>: Discovers AS through RFC 9728, obtains tokens, and uses them with the MCP server</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/v1.x/src/mcp/server/auth/provider.py">TokenVerifier</a> for more details on implementing token validation.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="client-side-authentication">Client-Side Authentication</h2>
|
|
<p>The SDK includes <a href="https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-11-25/basic/authorization">authorization support</a> for connecting to protected MCP servers:</p>
|
|
<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/clients/oauth_client.py -->
|
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="sd">"""</span>
|
|
<span class="sd">Before running, specify running MCP RS server URL.</span>
|
|
<span class="sd">To spin up RS server locally, see</span>
|
|
<span class="sd"> examples/servers/simple-auth/README.md</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="sd">cd to the `examples/snippets` directory and run:</span>
|
|
<span class="sd"> uv run oauth-client</span>
|
|
<span class="sd">"""</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">asyncio</span>
|
|
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">urllib.parse</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">parse_qs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">urlparse</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">httpx</span>
|
|
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">pydantic</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">AnyUrl</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">mcp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ClientSession</span>
|
|
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">mcp.client.auth</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">OAuthClientProvider</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TokenStorage</span>
|
|
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">mcp.client.streamable_http</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">streamable_http_client</span>
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<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">mcp.shared.auth</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">OAuthClientInformationFull</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">OAuthClientMetadata</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">OAuthToken</span>
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<span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">InMemoryTokenStorage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokenStorage</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Demo In-memory token storage implementation."""</span>
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<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tokens</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">OAuthToken</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
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<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client_info</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">OAuthClientInformationFull</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
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<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">get_tokens</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">OAuthToken</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Get stored tokens."""</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tokens</span>
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<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">set_tokens</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tokens</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">OAuthToken</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Store tokens."""</span>
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<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tokens</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tokens</span>
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<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">get_client_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">OAuthClientInformationFull</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Get stored client information."""</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client_info</span>
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<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">set_client_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">client_info</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">OAuthClientInformationFull</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Store client information."""</span>
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<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client_info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">client_info</span>
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<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">handle_redirect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">auth_url</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"Visit: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">auth_url</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">handle_callback</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">]:</span>
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<span class="n">callback_url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Paste callback URL: "</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="n">params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_qs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">urlparse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">callback_url</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"code"</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"state"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">])[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Run the OAuth client example."""</span>
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<span class="n">oauth_auth</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">OAuthClientProvider</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="n">server_url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"http://localhost:8001"</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">client_metadata</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">OAuthClientMetadata</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="n">client_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Example MCP Client"</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">redirect_uris</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">AnyUrl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"http://localhost:3000/callback"</span><span class="p">)],</span>
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<span class="n">grant_types</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"authorization_code"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"refresh_token"</span><span class="p">],</span>
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<span class="n">response_types</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"code"</span><span class="p">],</span>
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<span class="n">scope</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"user"</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="p">),</span>
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<span class="n">storage</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">InMemoryTokenStorage</span><span class="p">(),</span>
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<span class="n">redirect_handler</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">handle_redirect</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">callback_handler</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">handle_callback</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">httpx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AsyncClient</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">auth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">oauth_auth</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">follow_redirects</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">custom_client</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">streamable_http_client</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"http://localhost:8001/mcp"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">http_client</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">custom_client</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">ClientSession</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">initialize</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="n">tools</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list_tools</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"Available tools: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">tool</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tools</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tools</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="n">resources</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list_resources</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"Available resources: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uri</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">r</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">resources</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resources</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">run</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">())</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"__main__"</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<p><em>Full example: <a href="https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/v1.x/examples/snippets/clients/oauth_client.py">examples/snippets/clients/oauth_client.py</a></em></p>
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<!-- /snippet-source -->
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<p>For a complete working example, see <a href="https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/tree/v1.x/examples/clients/simple-auth-client"><code>examples/clients/simple-auth-client/</code></a>.</p>
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