## Summary
- Add `GET /templates/{templateID}/tags` endpoint to the OpenAPI spec
- Add `Template.getTags()` to JS/TS SDK
- Add `Template.get_tags()` (sync) and `AsyncTemplate.get_tags()`
(async) to Python SDK
- Returns a list of `TemplateTag` objects with `tag`, `buildId`, and
`createdAt` fields
## Test plan
- Added unit tests for JS SDK (`Template.getTags` happy path + 404
error)
- Added unit tests for Python SDK (sync + async, happy path + error)
The infra now validates sandbox ID format (^[a-z0-9]+$), allowing only
lowercase alphanumeric characters. The test was using
'non-existing-sandbox' which fails format validation due to hyphens,
returning a 400 error instead of reaching the expected 404 path.
This updates the test to use 'nonexistingsandbox' — a valid format that
doesn't exist, so it properly hits the 404 "not found" response and
returns false as expected.
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
---
> [!NOTE]
> **Low Risk**
> Low risk: test-only change that updates hardcoded IDs to match new
validation rules, without modifying runtime logic.
>
> **Overview**
> Updates JS and Python SDK `kill non-existing sandbox` tests to use a
lowercase alphanumeric sandbox ID (`nonexistingsandbox`) instead of a
hyphenated one, so the tests exercise the intended *not-found* path
rather than failing format validation.
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
Bugbot](https://cursor.com/dashboard?tab=bugbot) for commit
e43acb66ef4465ae60a368ac8c7377023b4a6da3. This will update automatically
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<!-- /CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
---------
Co-authored-by: Jakub Novak <jakub@e2b.dev>
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
> [!NOTE]
> **Low Risk**
> Mostly CI/test changes plus a small logging tweak; low production
impact, with main risk being altered test timing/flake behavior due to
new timeout defaults.
>
> **Overview**
> Improves release-candidate GitHub workflows by passing sanitized
`tag`/`preid` via step `env` vars and quoting them when running `npm
version`/`npm publish`, reducing the chance of input/expansion issues.
>
> Stabilizes sandbox internet-access tests in JS and Python by switching
the curl target to Google’s `generate_204` endpoint and updating
expected status codes. Python tests also tighten global `pytest` timeout
to 30s, remove per-sandbox default timeouts from fixtures, and add 180s
timeouts specifically for template test suites via new `conftest.py`
files.
>
> CLI sandbox status polling now logs the caught error when
`Sandbox.getInfo` fails (instead of silently returning `false`).
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
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Update broken downloads badge
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
---
> [!NOTE]
> **Low Risk**
> Documentation-only change that updates external badge image URLs and
styling; no runtime or build behavior is affected.
>
> **Overview**
> Fixes broken download badges in `README.md` and
`packages/python-sdk/README.md`.
>
> The PyPI badge is switched from shields.io to a Pepy monthly downloads
badge, and the NPM badge label/styling is updated to explicitly show
*monthly* downloads.
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
Bugbot](https://cursor.com/dashboard?tab=bugbot) for commit
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## Summary
- Resolved 43 type diagnostics reported by ty (Astral's Python type
checker)
- Fixed Self type issues on class singletons
- Added explicit type annotations for shadowed attributes
- Replaced None with UNSET for auto-generated API parameters
- Fixed method signature alignment for protocol matching
- Added targeted type: ignore suppressions for pattern-based limitations
All checks pass: ty check, ruff format, ruff check.
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
---
> [!NOTE]
> **Medium Risk**
> Mostly typing/CI changes, but some adjustments affect sandbox
connect/pause overload dispatch and API response/parameter handling
(`UNSET` vs `None`), which could alter edge-case runtime behavior.
>
> **Overview**
> Fixes Python SDK static typing issues for Astral’s `ty` checker and
wires typechecking into CI.
>
> Adds a new `Typecheck` GitHub Action plus workspace `typecheck`
scripts (TS packages via `tsc`, Python SDK via `make typecheck` running
`ty`), and publishes a patch changeset for `@e2b/python-sdk`.
>
> Across the Python SDK, adjusts type annotations and overloads (e.g.,
`Self`/singleton typing, `connect` overloads, optional
`user`/token/domain handling), tightens API model parsing with
`cast`/`Optional` checks and `UNSET` usage, and adds a few targeted `ty`
ignore comments in tests/protocols to silence checker limitations.
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
Bugbot](https://cursor.com/dashboard?tab=bugbot) for commit
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---------
Co-authored-by: Claude Haiku 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: Copilot Autofix powered by AI <62310815+github-advanced-security[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
## Summary
- Fixes `ty` type checker reporting `error[no-matching-overload]` when
calling `Sandbox.kill()` (and all other methods using the
`class_method_variant` pattern)
- Single 2-line change: make `class_method_variant` inherit from
`Generic[T]` instead of `object`
## Problem
The `class_method_variant` descriptor uses `cast(T, self)` to tell type
checkers that the decorator preserves the original function's type.
Without `Generic[T]`, `T` is only a method-level TypeVar — `ty` doesn't
trust the cast and fails to resolve overloads at call sites. `mypy` and
`pyright` are more lenient and accept it either way.
Affected methods (both `Sandbox` and `AsyncSandbox`): `kill`, `connect`,
`set_timeout`, `get_info`, `get_metrics`, `beta_pause`.
## Fix
Adding `Generic[T]` makes `T` a class-level type parameter, so `ty` can
track the type binding through the descriptor
(`class_method_variant[(self, **opts) -> bool]`). The cast then makes
sense to all three type checkers.
## Verification
Tested with a consumer repro (`sandbox.kill()`) against:
| Type Checker | Before | After |
|---|---|---|
| ty 0.0.15 | `error[no-matching-overload]` | All checks passed |
| mypy 1.19.1 | All checks passed | All checks passed |
| pyright 1.1.408 | All checks passed | All checks passed |
## Test plan
- [x] Verified `ty check` passes on consumer-side repro
- [x] Verified `mypy` and `pyright` still pass (no regressions)
- [x] Verified Python syntax is valid
- [x] No runtime behavior change (`Generic[T]` only affects type-level
metadata)
Add path validation to the copy method in both JS and Python SDKs to
ensure source paths are always relative and don't escape the context
directory.
This prevents:
- Absolute paths like /absolute/whatever (Unix) or C:\whatever (Windows)
- Path traversal attacks like ../whatever or ./foo/../../../bar
The validation works cross-platform using Node's
path.isAbsolute/normalize and Python's os.path.isabs/normpath plus
PureWindowsPath for detecting Windows paths on Unix.
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
---
> [!NOTE]
> **Medium Risk**
> Changes behavior of `copy`/`copy_items` to throw earlier for
previously-accepted absolute or escaping paths, which could break some
consumers; logic is localized and well-covered by tests.
>
> **Overview**
> Prevents path traversal in template `copy` operations by validating
`src` is *relative* and does not escape the context directory (rejects
absolute paths and `..`-based escapes) in both the JS and Python SDKs.
>
> Updates `copyItems`/`copy_items` error handling to preserve the
caller’s stack trace when validation fails, adds unit coverage for the
new path validator plus new stack-trace tests for absolute-path
failures, and ships as patch releases via a changeset.
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
Bugbot](https://cursor.com/dashboard?tab=bugbot) for commit
c1a8eb978e3fd99fa829d571e811bb7ee18cd40b. This will update automatically
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---------
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Fixes issue with missing `restore` and `reset` functionality on the
async git sandboxes.
Consolidate shared git helpers by moving remote URL argument
construction and
parsing into the git utilities package. Sync and async git modules now
reuse
the same builders where possible, with tests to ensure no drift.
---------
Co-authored-by: Filip Brebera <filip@bxxf.dev>
# Sandbox Git Commands
Adds Git support to the sandbox class. This allows the sandbox to manage
git via standard clone, checkout, branch, add, pull, and push commands
without needing to use commands.run. The API mirrors common Git
workflows while handling sandbox-specific concerns like auth injection
and safe remote handling.
**Python example**
```python
from e2b import Sandbox
sandbox = Sandbox.create()
repo_path = '/home/user/my-repo'
# Optional: set author for commits
sandbox.git.configure_user('Your Name', 'you@example.com')
# Clone or init
sandbox.git.clone('https://github.com/org/repo.git', path=repo_path)
# or
sandbox.git.init(repo_path, initial_branch='main')
# Make a change
sandbox.files.write(f'{repo_path}/README.md', '# Hello\n')
# Commit
sandbox.git.add(repo_path, files=['README.md'])
sandbox.git.commit(repo_path, message='Initial commit')
# Branching
sandbox.git.create_branch(repo_path, 'feature1')
# or
sandbox.git.checkout_branch(repo_path, 'main')
# Push
sandbox.git.remote_add(repo_path, 'origin', 'https://github.com/org/repo.git', overwrite=True)
sandbox.git.push(repo_path, remote='origin', branch='main', set_upstream=True)
```
**JavaScript / TypeScript example**
```ts
import { Sandbox } from 'e2b'
const sandbox = await Sandbox.create()
const repoPath = '/home/user/my-repo'
await sandbox.git.configureUser('Your Name', 'you@example.com')
await sandbox.git.clone('https://github.com/org/repo.git', { path: repoPath })
// or
await sandbox.git.init(repoPath, { initialBranch: 'main' })
await sandbox.files.write(`${repoPath}/README.md`, '# Hello\n')
await sandbox.git.add(repoPath, { files: ['README.md'] })
await sandbox.git.commit(repoPath, { message: 'Initial commit' })
await sandbox.git.createBranch(repoPath, 'feature1')
await sandbox.git.checkoutBranch(repoPath, 'main')
await sandbox.git.remoteAdd(repoPath, 'origin', 'https://github.com/org/repo.git', {
overwrite: true,
})
await sandbox.git.push(repoPath, { remote: 'origin', branch: 'main', setUpstream: true })
```
**Main commands**
- `clone`: Clone a repo into the sandbox. Supports `branch`, `depth`,
optional `username` + `password` for private repos, and
`dangerously_store_credentials` / `dangerouslyStoreCredentials` to keep
credentials in the remote URL.
- `init`: Initialize a new repo. Supports `initial_branch` /
`initialBranch` and `bare`.
- `status`: Get parsed `git status --porcelain -b` info.
- `branches`: List branches and current branch.
- `create_branch` / `createBranch`: Create and check out a new branch.
- `checkout_branch` / `checkoutBranch`: Switch to an existing branch.
- `delete_branch` / `deleteBranch`: Delete a branch. Supports `force`.
- `add`: Stage files. Supports explicit files or `all`.
- `commit`: Create a commit. Supports author override and `allow_empty`.
- `reset` / `reset`: Reset `HEAD` (supports modes like `soft`, `mixed`,
`hard`, etc.) and optional paths.
- `restore` / `restore`: Restore files or unstage changes (`worktree` /
`staged`) from a source ref.
- `pull`: Pull from a remote. Supports `remote`, `branch`, and optional
auth.
- `push`: Push to a remote. Supports `remote`, `branch`, `set_upstream`,
and optional auth.
- `remote_add` / `remoteAdd`: Add a remote. Supports `overwrite` and
`fetch`.
- `remote_get` / `remoteGet`: Read a remote URL.
- `set_config` / `setConfig`: Set a git config value. Supports `scope`
(`global`, `local`, `system`), and `path` for local scope.
- `get_config` / `getConfig`: Read a git config value. Supports the same
`scope` options and returns `None` / `undefined` if unset.
- `dangerously_authenticate` / `dangerouslyAuthenticate`: Persist
credentials via the git credential helper (global).
- `configure_user` / `configureUser`: Set default `user.name` and
`user.email` for commits.
- `create_github_repo` (Python only): Create a GitHub repo from inside
the sandbox and optionally add it as a remote.
**Status shape**
- `status` returns a `GitStatus` with `current_branch` /
`currentBranch`, `upstream`, `ahead`, `behind`, `detached`, and
`file_status` / `fileStatus`.
- `file_status` entries include `name`, `status`, `index_status` /
`indexStatus`, `working_tree_status` / `workingTreeStatus`, `staged`,
and optional `renamed_from` / `renamedFrom`.
- Convenience helpers include: `is_clean` / `isClean`, `has_changes` /
`hasChanges`, `has_staged` / `hasStaged`, `has_untracked` /
`hasUntracked`, `has_conflicts` / `hasConflicts`, plus counts
(`total_count` / `totalCount`, `staged_count` / `stagedCount`,
`unstaged_count` / `unstagedCount`, `untracked_count` /
`untrackedCount`, `conflict_count` / `conflictCount`). In Python these
are properties on the `GitStatus` object; in JS they are fields on the
returned object.
**Notes**
- For private HTTPS remotes, pass `username` + `password` (token) on
`clone`, `pull`, or `push`.
- Use `remote_add` / `remoteAdd` with `overwrite=True` to update an
existing remote URL and `fetch=True` to fetch after.
- Use `dangerously_authenticate` / `dangerouslyAuthenticate` only when
you want to persist credentials globally on the sandbox.
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
> [!NOTE]
> Optimizes file uploads in both JS and Python SDKs to avoid unnecessary
reads and add broader input support.
>
> - JS SDK: `Filesystem.write`/`writeFiles` now build a single
`FormData` using `toBlob` (new util) to pass
`string`/`ArrayBuffer`/`Blob`/`ReadableStream` without pre-reading;
updated tests add `ReadableStream` coverage
> - Python SDK (sync/async): `write_files` accepts `str`/`bytes`
directly, reads `TextIOBase`, and passes `IOBase` (binary) streams
through without reading; new tests cover `BytesIO` and `StringIO`
> - Changeset: patch bumps for `@e2b/python-sdk` and `e2b`
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
Bugbot](https://cursor.com/dashboard?tab=bugbot) for commit
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<!-- /CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
> [!NOTE]
> **Python version floor raised**
>
> - Require `python ^3.10` in `pyproject.toml` and `.tool-versions`;
update `poetry.lock` metadata and deps to remove 3.9-only
packages/markers
> - Update `Makefile` `datamodel-codegen` to `--target-python-version
3.10`
> - Add changeset entry documenting the drop of Python 3.9 support
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
Bugbot](https://cursor.com/dashboard?tab=bugbot) for commit
a75633f2d28fe24e9f33d0605c1059aeea219820. This will update automatically
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To fix the inconsistency between the Python SDK and the JS SDK, add
writeFiles to the JS SDK. (no changes made to write function)
---------
Co-authored-by: Mish Ushakov <10400064+mishushakov@users.noreply.github.com>
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
> [!NOTE]
> Aligns metrics APIs to use Unix seconds (no milliseconds) for
`start`/`end` across SDKs.
>
> - **JS SDK**: `SandboxMetricsOpts` `start`/`end` now `Date` only;
convert to seconds before calling `GET /sandboxes/{sandboxID}/metrics`.
> - **Python SDK (async/sync)**: send `int(timestamp())` for
`start`/`end` instead of milliseconds.
> - **Tests**: JS and Python tests now pass `start`/`end` and validate
non-empty results.
> - **Changesets**: patch notes for `e2b` and `@e2b/python-sdk`.
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
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<!-- /CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
## Summary
The public API accepts `Optional[float]` for timeout parameters (e.g.,
`60.0`), but `_create_stream_timeout` was typed as `Optional[int]` and
passed the value directly to `str()`, producing `'60000.0'` instead of
`'60000'`.
The Go backend's `strconv.ParseInt` fails on float strings, causing
'invalid syntax' errors for valid timeout values.
## Changes
- Updates type hint to `Optional[float]` for consistency with public API
- Wraps `timeout * 1000` in `int()` before `str()` conversion
## Test
```python
# Before: str(60.0 * 1000) -> '60000.0' (fails ParseInt)
# After: str(int(60.0 * 1000)) -> '60000' (works)
```
Fixes#1063
small follow-up to #1068
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
---
> [!NOTE]
> Aligns alias existence error handling across SDKs to use
template-specific errors.
>
> - JS: `checkAliasExists` now passes `TemplateError` to
`handleApiError` and imports `TemplateError` in `buildApi.ts`
> - Python: `check_alias_exists` uses `TemplateException` in both async
and sync `build_api.py`
> - Adds changeset for patch releases of `@e2b/python-sdk` and `e2b`
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
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<!-- /CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
Integration tests will fail until the feature is deployed in E2B Cloud
production.
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
---
> [!NOTE]
> Enables checking template alias availability from both SDKs.
>
> - JS: Implements `checkAliasExists` in `template/buildApi.ts`, exposes
`Template.aliasExists` in `template/index.ts`, adds `AliasExistsOptions`
type and tests
> - Python: Adds `Template.alias_exists` and
`AsyncTemplate.alias_exists` wired to generated
`get_templates_aliases_{alias}` client; includes sync/async tests
> - API: Regenerates schemas/clients to include `GET
/templates/aliases/{alias}`, template build logs endpoint and
parameters, and supporting models (e.g., `TemplateAliasResponse`)
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
Bugbot](https://cursor.com/dashboard?tab=bugbot) for commit
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<!-- /CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
---------
Co-authored-by: Claude Sonnet 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
> [!NOTE]
> Adds support for parsing ownership on file copy operations in
Dockerfile-based templates.
>
> - JS: Update `dockerfileParser.ts` to treat `COPY/ADD` as
`ModifiableInstruction`, parse `--chown` via `instruction.getFlags()`,
and pass `user` to `templateBuilder.copy(src, dest, { user })`
> - Python: Update `_handle_copy_instruction` in `dockerfile_parser.py`
to extract `--chown=<user[:group]>` and pass `user` to
`template_builder.copy(src, dest, user=user)`
> - Tests: Add JS and Python (sync/async) tests verifying `COPY --chown`
parsing and argument propagation
> - Changeset: Patch releases for `@e2b/python-sdk` and `e2b`
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
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<!-- /CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
## Summary
- Fixes garbled Unicode and box-drawing character rendering when running
tmux inside E2B sandboxes
- Adds `LANG=C.UTF-8` and `LC_ALL=C.UTF-8` environment variable defaults
to PTY creation in both JS/TS and Python SDKs
## Problem
When running applications like Claude Code inside tmux in an E2B
sandbox, Unicode characters and box-drawing glyphs render incorrectly:
**Before (broken):**
- Box-drawing characters appear as broken dashes
- Text alignment is garbled
- The Claude mascot renders as `------` instead of proper pixel art
**After (fixed):**
- Proper Unicode rendering
- Correct box-drawing characters
- Properly aligned text
## Root Cause
The PTY session was created with `TERM=xterm-256color` but without UTF-8
locale settings. Running `locale` in the sandbox showed:
```
LANG=
LC_CTYPE="POSIX"
LC_ALL=
```
tmux requires UTF-8 locale settings to properly render Unicode
characters. Without them, it falls back to ASCII-only rendering.
## Solution
Set `LANG` and `LC_ALL` to `C.UTF-8` by default when creating PTY
sessions. This locale is:
- Available on most modern Linux distributions
- Provides UTF-8 character encoding
- Portable and doesn't require specific locale packages
The fix uses `setdefault` (Python) / nullish coalescing (JS) to allow
users to override these values if needed.
## Files Changed
| File | Change |
|------|--------|
| `packages/js-sdk/src/sandbox/commands/pty.ts` | Add LANG and LC_ALL
defaults |
| `packages/python-sdk/e2b/sandbox_async/commands/pty.py` | Add LANG and
LC_ALL defaults |
| `packages/python-sdk/e2b/sandbox_sync/commands/pty.py` | Add LANG and
LC_ALL defaults |
🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
---
> [!NOTE]
> **Fix tmux Unicode rendering by enforcing UTF-8 locale in PTYs**
>
> - In PTY creation (JS `pty.ts`, Python async/sync `pty.py`), default
`LANG` and `LC_ALL` to `C.UTF-8`; set `TERM` only if not already
provided
> - Adds changeset entry documenting the patch
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
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Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Add a note to the template environment variables that they exist only
during template build, so users don't get confused.
---------
Co-authored-by: Mish <10400064+mishushakov@users.noreply.github.com>
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
> [!NOTE]
> Introduce `connect` methods to attach to running PTY sessions across
JS and Python SDKs, with tests and default timeout handling.
>
> - **SDKs**:
> - **JS (`packages/js-sdk/src/sandbox/commands/pty.ts`)**:
> - Add `Pty.connect(pid, opts?)` to attach to running PTYs; accepts
`PtyConnectOpts` with `onData`, `timeoutMs`, and `requestTimeoutMs`.
> - Factor default PTY connection timeout via
`defaultPtyConnectionTimeout` and apply to `create`/`connect` calls.
> - **Python**:
> - Async: Add `AsyncSandbox.pty.connect(pid, on_data, timeout?,
request_timeout?)` in `e2b/sandbox_async/commands/pty.py`.
> - Sync: Add `sandbox.pty.connect(pid, timeout?, request_timeout?)` in
`e2b/sandbox_sync/commands/pty.py`.
> - **Tests**:
> - JS: `packages/js-sdk/tests/sandbox/pty/ptyConnect.test.ts` validates
connect/reconnect and output handling.
> - Python: async and sync tests under
`packages/python-sdk/tests/.../pty/test_pty_connect.py` verify
reconnection and exit codes.
> - **Release**:
> - Changeset: minor version bumps for `@e2b/python-sdk` and `e2b`; note
“added option to connect to a running pty session”.
>
> <sup>Written by [Cursor
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---------
Co-authored-by: Mish <10400064+mishushakov@users.noreply.github.com>
<!-- CURSOR_SUMMARY -->
> [!NOTE]
> Adjusts the watch directory test to modify the file content and scan
returned events for a WRITE on the target file instead of asserting the
first event.
>
> - **Tests (python-sdk)**:
> - Updates `tests/sync/sandbox_sync/files/test_watch.py`
`test_watch_directory_changes` to:
> - Write updated content after `watch_dir` is started.
> - Iterate over `handle.get_new_events()` to find a
`FilesystemEventType.WRITE` for the target filename, asserting its
presence.
>
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Bumps the pip group with 1 update in the /packages/python-sdk directory:
[urllib3](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3).
Updates `urllib3` from 2.5.0 to 2.6.0
<details>
<summary>Release notes</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/releases">urllib3's
releases</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h2>2.6.0</h2>
<h2>🚀 urllib3 is fundraising for HTTP/2 support</h2>
<p><a
href="https://sethmlarson.dev/urllib3-is-fundraising-for-http2-support">urllib3
is raising ~$40,000 USD</a> to release HTTP/2 support and ensure
long-term sustainable maintenance of the project after a sharp decline
in financial support. If your company or organization uses Python and
would benefit from HTTP/2 support in Requests, pip, cloud SDKs, and
thousands of other projects <a
href="https://opencollective.com/urllib3">please consider contributing
financially</a> to ensure HTTP/2 support is developed sustainably and
maintained for the long-haul.</p>
<p>Thank you for your support.</p>
<h2>Security</h2>
<ul>
<li>Fixed a security issue where streaming API could improperly handle
highly compressed HTTP content ("decompression bombs") leading
to excessive resource consumption even when a small amount of data was
requested. Reading small chunks of compressed data is safer and much
more efficient now. (CVE-2025-66471 reported by <a
href="https://github.com/Cycloctane"><code>@Cycloctane</code></a>, 8.9
High, GHSA-2xpw-w6gg-jr37)</li>
<li>Fixed a security issue where an attacker could compose an HTTP
response with virtually unlimited links in the
<code>Content-Encoding</code> header, potentially leading to a denial of
service (DoS) attack by exhausting system resources during decoding. The
number of allowed chained encodings is now limited to 5. (CVE-2025-66418
reported by <a
href="https://github.com/illia-v"><code>@illia-v</code></a>, 8.9 High,
GHSA-gm62-xv2j-4w53)</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>[!IMPORTANT]</p>
<ul>
<li>If urllib3 is not installed with the optional
<code>urllib3[brotli]</code> extra, but your environment contains a
Brotli/brotlicffi/brotlipy package anyway, make sure to upgrade it to at
least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 to benefit from the security
fixes and avoid warnings. Prefer using <code>urllib3[brotli]</code> to
install a compatible Brotli package automatically.</li>
<li>If you use custom decompressors, please make sure to update them to
respect the changed API of
<code>urllib3.response.ContentDecoder</code>.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h2>Features</h2>
<ul>
<li>Enabled retrieval, deletion, and membership testing in
<code>HTTPHeaderDict</code> using bytes keys. (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3653">#3653</a>)</li>
<li>Added host and port information to string representations of
<code>HTTPConnection</code>. (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3666">#3666</a>)</li>
<li>Added support for Python 3.14 free-threading builds explicitly. (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3696">#3696</a>)</li>
</ul>
<h2>Removals</h2>
<ul>
<li>Removed the <code>HTTPResponse.getheaders()</code> method in favor
of <code>HTTPResponse.headers</code>. Removed the
<code>HTTPResponse.getheader(name, default)</code> method in favor of
<code>HTTPResponse.headers.get(name, default)</code>. (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3622">#3622</a>)</li>
</ul>
<h2>Bugfixes</h2>
<ul>
<li>Fixed redirect handling in <code>urllib3.PoolManager</code> when an
integer is passed for the retries parameter. (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3649">#3649</a>)</li>
<li>Fixed <code>HTTPConnectionPool</code> when used in Emscripten with
no explicit port. (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3664">#3664</a>)</li>
<li>Fixed handling of <code>SSLKEYLOGFILE</code> with expandable
variables. (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3700">#3700</a>)</li>
</ul>
<h2>Misc</h2>
<ul>
<li>Changed the <code>zstd</code> extra to install
<code>backports.zstd</code> instead of <code>zstandard</code> on Python
3.13 and before. (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3693">#3693</a>)</li>
<li>Improved the performance of content decoding by optimizing
<code>BytesQueueBuffer</code> class. (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3710">#3710</a>)</li>
<li>Allowed building the urllib3 package with newer setuptools-scm v9.x.
(<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3652">#3652</a>)</li>
<li>Ensured successful urllib3 builds by setting Hatchling requirement
to ≥ 1.27.0. (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3638">#3638</a>)</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Changelog</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/blob/main/CHANGES.rst">urllib3's
changelog</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h1>2.6.0 (2025-12-05)</h1>
<h2>Security</h2>
<ul>
<li>Fixed a security issue where streaming API could improperly handle
highly
compressed HTTP content ("decompression bombs") leading to
excessive resource
consumption even when a small amount of data was requested. Reading
small
chunks of compressed data is safer and much more efficient now.
(<code>GHSA-2xpw-w6gg-jr37
<https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-2xpw-w6gg-jr37></code>__)</li>
<li>Fixed a security issue where an attacker could compose an HTTP
response with
virtually unlimited links in the <code>Content-Encoding</code> header,
potentially
leading to a denial of service (DoS) attack by exhausting system
resources
during decoding. The number of allowed chained encodings is now limited
to 5.
(<code>GHSA-gm62-xv2j-4w53
<https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-gm62-xv2j-4w53></code>__)</li>
</ul>
<p>.. caution::</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>If urllib3 is not installed with the optional
<code>urllib3[brotli]</code> extra, but
your environment contains a Brotli/brotlicffi/brotlipy package anyway,
make
sure to upgrade it to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 to
benefit from the security fixes and avoid warnings. Prefer using
<code>urllib3[brotli]</code> to install a compatible Brotli package
automatically.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If you use custom decompressors, please make sure to update them to
respect the changed API of
<code>urllib3.response.ContentDecoder</code>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Features</h2>
<ul>
<li>Enabled retrieval, deletion, and membership testing in
<code>HTTPHeaderDict</code> using bytes keys.
(<code>[#3653](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3653)
<https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3653></code>__)</li>
<li>Added host and port information to string representations of
<code>HTTPConnection</code>.
(<code>[#3666](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3666)
<https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3666></code>__)</li>
<li>Added support for Python 3.14 free-threading builds explicitly.
(<code>[#3696](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3696)
<https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3696></code>__)</li>
</ul>
<h2>Removals</h2>
<ul>
<li>Removed the <code>HTTPResponse.getheaders()</code> method in favor
of <code>HTTPResponse.headers</code>.
Removed the <code>HTTPResponse.getheader(name, default)</code> method in
favor of <code>HTTPResponse.headers.get(name, default)</code>.
(<code>[#3622](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3622)
<https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3622></code>__)</li>
</ul>
<h2>Bugfixes</h2>
<ul>
<li>Fixed redirect handling in <code>urllib3.PoolManager</code> when an
integer is passed
for the retries parameter.
(<code>[#3649](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3649)
<https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3649></code>__)</li>
<li>Fixed <code>HTTPConnectionPool</code> when used in Emscripten with
no explicit port.
(<code>[#3664](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3664)
<https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3664></code>__)</li>
<li>Fixed handling of <code>SSLKEYLOGFILE</code> with expandable
variables.
(<code>[#3700](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3700)
<https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3700></code>__)</li>
</ul>
<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
</blockquote>
<p>... (truncated)</p>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Commits</summary>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/720f484b605f18887a48eef448d0084e2b76902d"><code>720f484</code></a>
Release 2.6.0</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/24d7b67eac89f94e11003424bcf0d8f7b72222a8"><code>24d7b67</code></a>
Merge commit from fork</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/c19571de34c47de3a766541b041637ba5f716ed7"><code>c19571d</code></a>
Merge commit from fork</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/816fcf04528bc0f89672e13398eb813dcc892490"><code>816fcf0</code></a>
Bump actions/setup-python from 6.0.0 to 6.1.0 (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3725">#3725</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/18af0a10efc4c99dd028f7ad5a461470b9a8b0fd"><code>18af0a1</code></a>
Improve speed of <code>BytesQueueBuffer.get()</code> by using memoryview
(<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3711">#3711</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/1f6abac3e6d426c3939b8a17cf4afa099e691ab2"><code>1f6abac</code></a>
Bump versions of pre-commit hooks (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3716">#3716</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/1c8fbf787b8e6ed151842c5d6874c9d5bdbf1d0b"><code>1c8fbf7</code></a>
Bump actions/checkout from 5.0.0 to 6.0.0 (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3722">#3722</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/7784b9eee95b7c90802c02b111e98df70259ae4f"><code>7784b9e</code></a>
Add Python 3.15 to CI (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3717">#3717</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/0241c9e7286d3008e3cce18effc13b40dc633385"><code>0241c9e</code></a>
Updated docs to reflect change in optional zstd dependency from
<code>zstandard</code> t...</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/7afcabb6489d9a8ea95a40e5afcb46463af17351"><code>7afcabb</code></a>
Expand environment variable of SSLKEYLOGFILE (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3705">#3705</a>)</li>
<li>Additional commits viewable in <a
href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/compare/2.5.0...2.6.0">compare
view</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
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